Deborah & William Hillyard
Deborah & William Hillyard
Deborah & William Hillyard
Deborah & William Hillyard
Deborah & William Hillyard
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| 1st Generation | 2nd Generation | 3rd Generation | Force Particles | |
| "Up" Type Quarks |
Up Quark Mass: 1.5-4.0 MeV Charge: 2/3 Spin: 1/2 ID: u, u |
Charm Quark Mass: 1.16-1.5 GeV Charge: 2/3 Spin: 1/2 ID: c, c |
Top Quark Mass: 171-176 GeV Charge: 2/3 Spin: 1/2 ID: t, t |
Photon Mass: 0 Charge: 0 Spin: 1 ID: y |
| "Down" Type Quarks |
Down Quark Mass: 3.5-8.0 MeV Charge: -1/3 Spin: 1/2 ID: d, d |
Strange Quark Mass: 80-130 MeV Charge: -1/3 Spin: 1/2 ID: s, s |
Bottom Quark Mass: 4.2 or 4.68 GeV Charge: -1/3 Spin: 1/2 ID: b, b |
Gluon Mass: 0 Charge: 0 Spin: 1 ID: g |
| Neutrinos | Electron Neutrino Mass: <2.2 eV Charge: 0 Spin: 1/2 ID: |
Muon Neutrino Mass: <0.170 MeV Charge: 0 Spin: 1/2 ID: |
Tau Neutrino Mass: <15.5 MeV Charge: 0 Spin: 1/2 ID: |
"Z" Boson Mass: 91.2 GeV Charge: 0 Spin: 1 ID: Z |
| "Electron" Type Leptons |
Electron Mass: 0.511 MeV Charge: -1 Spin: 1/2 ID: |
Muon Mass: 105.7 MeV Charge: -1 Spin: 1/2 ID: |
Tau Mass: 1.777 GeV Charge: -1 Spin: 1/2 ID: |
"W" Boson Mass: 80.4 GeV Charge: ±1 Spin: 1 ID: W-, W+ |
The table to the right summarizes the properties of the various Standard Model particles and forces, except the Higgs particle. Masses are "current masses", and are given in electron volts (eV). 1 MeV = 1 million electron volts, and 1 GeV is a billion electron volts.
The proton, for comparison, weighs ~938.3 MeV or nearly 1 GeV. Note that the "constituent quark mass" comprises the current quark mass plus the mass equivalence of the energy of the gluon particle field that surrounds the quark, and is significantly more than the rest mass. The current quark masses of the three quarks (uud) in the proton total only around 11 MeV.
Up, Down and Strange quarks are considered "light" quarks; the other three are "heavy" quarks.
There is no firm foundation for neutrino masses. The best that can be said is that they have masses that are no more than the quoted figures. Recent evidence points to the sum of the masses of all three types must be <0.5 eV, which means these maxima are way too high.
NOTE:
Calculations in 2010 by Professor Christine Davies et al at Glasgow University estimate that the up quark weighs 2.01 +/- 0.14 Mev, and the down quark weighs 4.79 +/- 0.16 MeV. The data has yet to be corroborated.
The proton, for comparison, weighs ~938.3 MeV or nearly 1 GeV. Note that the "constituent quark mass" comprises the current quark mass plus the mass equivalence of the energy of the gluon particle field that surrounds the quark, and is significantly more than the rest mass. The current quark masses of the three quarks (uud) in the proton total only around 11 MeV.
Up, Down and Strange quarks are considered "light" quarks; the other three are "heavy" quarks.
There is no firm foundation for neutrino masses. The best that can be said is that they have masses that are no more than the quoted figures. Recent evidence points to the sum of the masses of all three types must be <0.5 eV, which means these maxima are way too high.
NOTE:
Calculations in 2010 by Professor Christine Davies et al at Glasgow University estimate that the up quark weighs 2.01 +/- 0.14 Mev, and the down quark weighs 4.79 +/- 0.16 MeV. The data has yet to be corroborated.
Characteristics
Physics
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Standard Model
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